Ragewa a Marcopper a Philippines

Source: Asiya Pacific Mining

Ma'adanai na buɗe ramin buɗe ƙarfe na tagulla na Marcopper yana kusa da tsakiyar yankin tsibirin Marinduque a tsibirin Philippine. Tsibirin mai murabba'in kilomita 780 yana kilomita 170 kudu da Manila. (Marcopper ya kasance har zuwa kwanan nan na Kamfanin Placer Dome.)

Kamfanin Marcopper Mining Corporation an ba da izini tare da ƙayyadaddun adadin niƙa na ton ton 15000 a rana. An jefa wutsiyar miliyoyi cikin kwarin San Antonio na kusa da nisan kilomita 4 daga mai ɗaukar hoto. An gina madatsun ruwa biyu tare da kullun a kowane gefen kwari don samar da tushe ko kwari. Babban aikin madatsun ruwan biyu an gina shi ne da kwarara daga mabobin dutsen da ke hawa zuwa ga tsararren tsararren tsawan mita 330 sama da matakin teku. A wasu wurare, madatsar dam ɗin ta kasance mita 50 sama da bene na kwari. Hanyar gina ƙasa mai zurfi na gina madatsun ruwa ta haifar da yashi a bakin ruwa kusa da madatsun ruwa da tarin abubuwan hawa kusa da tsakiyar tafkin.

Bayan da aka dawo da hannun jari na farko na shuka, shirin fara aiwatar da tsarin zubar da kaya don jigilar daskarar da babban jirgi zuwa nauyi. An gina maɓuɓɓuka na Tailing don dawo da ruwa don maimaitawa da kuma sarrafa isasshen slurry tsakanin 48% zuwa 50% daskararru ta nauyi. Wuraren ruwa na Freshwater sun fadada, kuma an kara karfin mai hankali zuwa tannun 25,000 a kowace rana. Sabuwar tsarin da aka yi amfani da su ya kasance bututun bututu, tutoci mai kwalliya, akwatunan jujjuya, da tankoki. Layin tayal yana da tsayin farko na kilomita na 13 daga mai ɗaukar nauyin abin da ya wuce kilomita 4 ya rami ta hanyar rami musamman don wannan dalili. Don kaucewa daidaitawa kuma a lokaci guda rage ruwa zuwa mafi ƙaranci, an saita gradent flume a -1% kuma an kammala ginin bututun sama da -1 / 2% don rage sutura. An gina masu juzu'i masu kwalliya ne inda zane-zane ya ba shi damar kuma kamar yadda zai yiwu tare da hanyoyin ruwa. An gina sassan ƙasa mai lalacewa tare da akwatunan jujjuyawar a cikin matsanancin matsin lamba kuma tare da tankunan ƙarfe inda ake buƙatar kai don fitar da kwararar zuwa cikin teku.

Bayan hako rijiyoyin lu'u-lu'u na 139 a cikin tafkunan da wuraren da ke kusa da juna, an fitar da wani bututun mai kuma an gano cewa ya ƙunshi jimlar ma'adanan Geogenic na tan miliyan 200 a jimlar 0.56% Cu ta amfani da 0.40% yanke ƙarfe na tagulla. Nazarin yiwuwar ya tabbatar da hakar ma'adinan da ke kusa da babban tayin ajiya. Wannan ya buƙaci farkon cire ɓarnatattun dutsen da aka tara daga cikin tafkin ta hanyar bushewa da jigilar daskararren dutsen da aka jefar da shi zuwa matattarar zubar da ruwa a Calancan Bay.

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Bayan nazarin duniya na duk tsarin gurbataccen tsarin, an yi la’akari da tsarin lalata tashar jiragen ruwa ta Italiya ta amfani da daskararren huhun ruwa. Hanyar tana buƙatar ƙaramar ɓacin ruwa kuma ta samar da gurɓataccen abu a cikin adadin da ake sarrafawa a tsakanin nauyin 40% da 60% ta nauyi. Don tabbatar da dacewa da dredge, an gwada karamin sashi a cikin mahakar ma'adinai. Bayan watanni da yawa na gwaji mai zurfi, an sami sakamako mai gamsarwa.

Injiniya na Foreignasashen waje da na Marcopper sun tsara da kuma gina ragin huji biyu na ƙarfin da ya fi girma. An ba da izinin wa annan ba da daɗewa ba. Hakanan, aka fadada kayan wutsiyar wutsiyar don ɗaukar ƙarin kayan ɗakin. Dredges biyu suna aiki yadda yakamata a cikin matattakala da kuma yashi mai rairayin bakin teku masu gudana kyauta a zurfin inda narkar da nitsuwa tsakanin mita 15 da 20 karkashin ruwa.

A cikin zurfin zurfin ciki kuma cikin denser kuma mafi kayan haɗin kai, predatse dredge bai da tasiri saboda matattarar hydrawatic bai isa ya tilasta kayan a cikin dredge ci ba. An ƙarasa da cewa ƙarin tabbataccen aiki mai narkewa na fuskantar matsaloli masu yawa. Bincike ya nuna cewa sabon girkin bulo na zamani zai iya zama mafi inganci dangane da samarwa da sassauci don kula da dumbin kayan kayan ruwa.

Wani Ellicott^® An saka Brand B890 Wheel Dragon ™ dredge cikin aiki. Bugawar bulo kamar yadda aka sa ran tayi kyau kuma an tabbatar da hakan yafi ƙwarewa a cikin aiki da tsada idan aka kwatanta da na baya na huhun huhun. A matsakaici, aikin burodin burodin dredge ya sami tann 8000 a kowace rana kamar yadda ya haɗu da tanadin nau'in tann 9500 a kowace rana na ragunan huhu biyu. Bayan shekaru biyu Ellicott na biyu^® an sanya alamar dredge a cikin aiki.

Da sauri matakin ruwa ya haifar da dakatar da gudawa na huhu. Yayin da bushewar ta kusanto asalin murfin ƙasa, yin amfani da dirin ta huhu ya zama mara amfani ga riƙewar tsarkewar ƙasa.

Matsayi mai narkewa wanda ya haifar ta hanyar koma bayan farashin ƙarfe ya bar kimanin ƙwanƙan mita miliyan 5.2 na wutsiya da aka tsara don cirewa bayan ƙare ayyukan rushewa.

Wani canjin kudi mai zuwa ga Marcopper (saboda ingantaccen farashin ƙarfe), kuma ana tsammanin raguwar kamfanin Tapian ya sa aikin San jan ƙarfe ya cancanci yawaita nazarin ayyukan.

Halayen Tailing
Wani bincike na yau da kullun da aka adana a cikin tafkin yana nuna rarrabawa mai zuwa:

An saita rarrabuwa tsakani tsakanin yashi da slime a 70% wucewar 270 raga. Daga nisan mita miliyan xNUMX na tailing mafi yawan yumbu kaolinitic da chlorite. A lokacin farkon gwajin, pneumatic dredge kai a hankali shiga cikin nau'ikan kayan tailing zurfi. Sun kwarara zuwa bututun ruwa na ciki na bututun dake haifar da ramuka mai siffar kamanni a kasan murfin.

Shekaru biyu bayan gwaje-gwajen, pneumatic dredging bayyana cewa m sigogi ya zama compacted da gelatinous. Ragewa a cikin yashi rabo, duk da haka, ya ba da sakamako mai gamsarwa. Daƙƙarfan kai mai sauƙin ɓoyewa a cikin gado yana haifar da mazugi wanda ya rushe kuma yana gudana sauƙaƙe zuwa ga madaukacin dredge. Wannan ya haifar da ingantaccen samarwa da karɓawar yawan karɓa.

Tsarin Pneumatic
Tsarin iska na huhu yana amfani da matsanancin matsananciyar ruwa na tafkin bututu don tura kayan ta hanyar wani kabari da aka binne a cikin tanki mai matsin lamba wanda aka watsa ga yanayin. Lokacin da tanki ya cika, ana shigar da iska mai ƙarfi a cikin sililin, rufe bawul ɗin mashigar kuma yana tilasta a fitar da dutsen a saman mashin a saman tanki. Daga nan sai iska ta sauka zuwa sararin samaniya sannan kuma sake zagayowar ta sake maimaita kanta a daidai lokacin tazara na 20-na biyu. A aikace, tankokin 3 an haɗa su wuri ɗaya don samar da shugaban dredge. Ana ciyar da iska mai gasa ga kowane silinda ta hanyar mai rarraba iska. Zazzage gurɓataccen ruwa daga kowane tanki ya wuce zuwa fannoni da yawa da aka saba da tanki ukun. Sabili da haka ana cire kayan a matsayin rafi mai gudana maimakon a cikin baho. An girka kayan dredge a kan jirgi wanda aka haɗa tare da baƙin ƙarfe na baƙin ƙarfe wanda ke auna mita mita 12, tsawon mita 32 da zurfin mita 2.5. Shugaban dredge yana rataye daga wani babban hasumiya mai nisan mita 15 wanda aka ɗora saman ƙofa a cikin bene na dredge.

Anyi amfani da hanyoyi guda biyu na aikin hakowa tare da pneuma-pump wato: "holing" da "trailing". A cikin holing, ana shigar da buɗewar tsotsa da bututu na tsaye kuma waɗannan ana tura su cikin kayan ta nauyin famfo. A cikin bin hanyoyin buɗe ruwan ana bayar da shebur kuma ana jan duka famfo tare da ƙasan tafkin. Yayin da matakin ruwa ya fadi a cikin tabkin, aikin takunkumin iska ya zama ya takaita ga kananan yankuna. Yayin da dredging din ya zurfafa, rararrun lokutan da aka adana sun zama masu matattakala da kuma dunkulewa da rashin samun 'yanci kyauta. Aikin dredges na pneumatic ya zama da wahala sosai yayin da yake kusa da asalin asalin. A ƙarshe, bayan da aka binciko kimanin tan miliyan 16 na wutsiya, an rufe dredge na farko a farkon 1982 saboda lalacewar mahaukaciya yayin da na biyu kuma aka rufe a ƙarshen shekarar. Daga baya an wargaza su kuma aka siyar da su.

Rashin Bucketwheel
An bincika yiwuwar datse azabtarwa tare da amfani da sauran kayan lalata daga bangon pneumatic. Wannan ya haifar da sayan tsokar ruwan don ƙarshen yadudduka na yashi da yashi a ƙarshen madogarar tafkin.

An zaɓi baƙin dutsen goge misali madaidaiciya mai ɗorewa saboda yana iya amfani da aikin digging kai tsaye a duka hanyoyin juyawa. Wannan fasalin na gurnetel dredge ya sanya dredge damar fitar da kayayyakin ta kai tsaye cikin tsarin zubar da wutsiya. Bayan kimanta ambato da dama daga masana'anta daban-daban, an yanke shawarar siyan Ellicott^® Brand B890 "Dabaran-Dabaran" Dredge.

Ellicott Brand "Dabaran-Dabbare" ™ Bucketwheel Dredges 

Dredge
Ellicott^® Brand Bucketwheel dredge wani bututun bututu ne wanda ba mai kai da kanka ba wanda mutum guda zai iya sarrafa shi a cikin dakin kulawa na tsakiyar. Dredging shuka yana kan gado mai ɗaukar matakai-nau'i na kusurwa huɗu masu ƙarfi waɗanda aka yi da baƙin ƙarfe mai nauyi.

Babban dabbar dasa dredge inji an shigar dashi a cikin matattar kayan hutu.

Wani tsani mai nauyi, mai ƙaramin ƙarfe mai tubular karfe wanda aka ɗora a ƙasan ƙarshen tsakiyar ƙwannin tsakiyar bututun da ke juye da kayan aikin da za a lalata.

Saurin guga za a iya bambanta dangane da abin da ake buƙata. Ana amfani da gurnetin a cikin injin da ke amfani da injin ƙwarin dutsen da ƙarfin dutsen dawakai da kuma dutsen da aka sanya a kan sashin gaba na tsani.

An saka bututu mai tsotsa a ƙasa kuma an keɓance ta zuwa kan tsani ɗin. Ana samar da haɗin mai sauƙin ɗawainiya tsakanin tukunyar tsokar fati da ƙwanƙolin hular.

Akwai tudular tubular karfe biyu da maki karfe, ɗaya an sanya shi a cikin ingantaccen spud da kyau don riƙe, kuma an sanya ɗaya a cikin keken hawa don aiki. An daga kalmar gizo-gizo ta hanyar keɓaɓɓe mai dunƙule guda ɗaya tare da tanadi na faɗuwar ƙasa don kyakkyawar shigar azzakari cikin farji. Tsarin mota mai jigilar abubuwa yana ba da izinin tafiya mai nisan mil uku na dredge kuma taron majalisin tafiye tafiye yake sanya shi.

Motocin Firayim sune injunan dizal guda biyu: ɗayan don fitar da famfon 14-inch centrifugal dredge wanda ke fitar da abu zuwa bututun ruwa wanda ke haɗe da rafin ɓoye, kuma ɗayan don fitar da bututun ruwa mai ɗaukar nauyi wanda ke samar da da'irori daban-daban ga matatun ruwa. Motoci suna tukawa da gurnetin, juyawa da ƙaiƙayi, da tsani.

Rage aiki
Yayin da guga na bulo ya kasance a ƙarshen tsattsarkan tsintsiyar, kayan yana taƙama da kuma ciyarwa cikin tsarin tsotsewa. Designirƙirar ƙyallen itace irin wannan da zarar an yanke kayan, zai iya tserewa ne kawai ta bututun tsotsa da layin bayarwa.

Dredge yana juyawa daga gefe zuwa gefe a yanke tare da taimakon kowane yanki kai tsaye, layin USB, da angarorin. Jirgin ruwan ya ɗora a kan babban aiki mai aiki mai ƙarfi. Motsa jiki mai motsi a cikin yanke shine ya samar da motar haya mai aiki da ruwa wanda aka ɗora saman dutsen aiki.

Lokacin da yankewa bayan an gama jigilar jigilar jigilar jigilar kaya, za'a saukar da dutsen da ke riƙe mai ƙarfi. Spud mai aiki yana tashi kuma karusar tana yin tafiyar hawa mai lamba 3-1 / 2. Spud mai aiki zai rinka saukar da ita lokacin da aka iso balaguron da ake so sannan wanda aka ɗaga spud mai riƙewa. Dredge yanzu shirye don yin wani yanke.

Abubuwa masu Rarrabewa
Dredge yana kunshe da masu zuwa:

Compungiyoyin Tsarin - Hull ɗin an yi shi ne da pontoon ƙarfe uku masu walƙiya, pontoon gefe biyu, da kuma pontoon tsakiya ɗaya, waɗanda aka haɗa su da ƙarfi don samar da kwanciyar hankali. An samar da A-frame mai dauke da tsayayyun bayanan baya a karshen gaba na ƙwanƙolin wanda a haɗe tare da matakan tsani wanda ya tanadi hawa, riƙewa da saukar da tsani mai tsere.

Abubuwan Dredging - modulewallon kwalin yana kunshe da keken guga mai juyawa wanda piston guda biyu ke juyawa, saurin gudu 106 shaft horsepower hydraulic motors wanda ke ba da guga yankan da jimillar fam 1,400 na yankan ƙarfi. Connectedarƙwarar tsintsin ƙarfe an haɗa ta da hopper mai karɓar guga a ƙarshen ƙarshen kuma zuwa bututun tsotsa a kan tsani a ƙarshen ƙarshen. An haɗa bututun tsotse tsani zuwa ga bututun tsotsa a tsakiyar pontoon ta tsakiya ta hanyar roba mai sassauƙa, mai ba da damar tsani zuwa zurfin zurfin da ake so.

Firayim Minista - Ellicott^® Alamar "Wheel-Dragon" an tanada ta da injunan dizal guda biyu kamar haka: Daya 520 HP, CAT Series 3412, don tuka babbar famfon dredge, da kuma guda 210 HP, CAT 3306, don tuka famfunan na lantarki.

Tsarin Wutar Lantarki - Tsarin hydraulic an yi shi ne da kewayen kewaye guda uku masu bude-madauki. Circuitaya daga cikin da'ira don bucketwheel; kewaya daya don tsani da hawa; kuma daya don spud winches da spud karusar silinda. Fanfon yana ɗebo man kai tsaye daga matattarar mai mai ƙanƙara ta cikin matatar mai ɗaukar nauyi.

Tsarin lantarki - An tsara tsarin lantarki don samarwa don da'irori masu zuwa:

Tsarin farawa na 24 volt akan injin

Tsarin cajin batir

Dredge famfo da injin na injin na ingiza da rufewa

Solenoid yana aiki da bawuloli na sarrafa ruwa

Tsarin hasken wuta na wuta na ciki da na waje na 24

Cibiyar sarrafawa da sarrafawa. Don haɓaka aminci a cikin aiki, sassauci, da inganci ana sanya kwastomomi a kan na'ura wasan bidiyo a cikin cibiyar kulawa don samar da aikin mutum ɗaya na jerin abubuwan katsewa.

Tallafi & Kayan Aiki

Injiniya guda ɗaya 235 HP, 10m tsawon X 3m wide X 1.3m tighterat zurfi. Ana amfani da wannan don matsar da duwatsun na nesa mai nisa kuma don cire tsoffin ƙarfe mai nauyi.

Injiniya guda ɗaya 50 HP, 8m tsawon X 3m wide X 1.3m zurfin jirgin ruwan sabis. Ana ɗaukar sassa masu nauyi na dredges a wannan jirgin. Ma'aikatan kulawa da injin ke amfani dashi.

Na'urar lura da ruwa da kuma fam 12rif 10 centrifugal pump da ke da injin 304 HP. Duk an ɗora su a kan babban jirgi mai tsayin 23m tsawon X 12m faɗi X zurfin zurfin 1.25m. Ana amfani da wannan don lalata manyan bankunan na tailing sama da saman ruwa wanda ka iya durƙushewa cikin guga lokacin da ake haƙa shi.

Baraƙƙarfan tsaran 10m tsawon X 4.5m mai faɗi 1.8m mai zurfi tare da wing na 15-ton guda ɗaya don amfani dashi a cikin ɗaga ɗakoki / jan tsokoki, layin shakatawa da sauransu.

Jirgin ruwa sabis tare da 9.9 HP outboard motor.

A walƙiya walƙiya / kayan sawa ya saita ƙasashen waje dean ƙaramar jirgin ruwa mai iyo.

Jirgin ruwa mai iyo da ruwa mai karfin 15,000 lita.

Kulawa da Magana
Ana fitar da fitarwa daga kowane dredge ta hanyar layin sake 16 da diamita na bututu da kuma hoses mai sassauci a cikin akwatin kewaya na uku kafin a shigar dashi cikin akwatin hadawa wanda zai kai ga fashewar wutsiya. A wurin fitarwa ne a cikin akwatin kewayawa ana sanya duban abin da yake jujjuyawa ta kowane yanki ta yadda ya dace da safara ta cikin tsarin zubar da jelar. Ma'aunin nukiliya yana auna nauyin abin juji da ake fitarwa cikin kowane sashi. A matsayin ƙarin bincike akan yawa, samfurin da aka kunna da hannu yana yankewa kuma yana tattara ɓangaren litattafan almara. Wadannan samfuran ana bincika su don ƙima da daidaitawa. Idan nauyin yana ƙasa da kashi arba'in da biyar 45% kuma saurin daidaitawa ya wuce ƙafa 4 a cikin awa ɗaya, za a sake fitar da dredge zuwa kogin. An sallamar da shi zuwa ƙaran kayan aiki tare da saurin daidaitawa sama da ƙafa 5 a awa ɗaya ko ƙasa da ƙarancin ƙarfi 40% ya haifar da sarrafa ƙaho da malalowa. A lokacin waɗannan yanayi, an koma dredge zuwa sabon wuri don mafi kyawun kayan haƙawa inda samarwa zai ci gaba. Aikin shine a gauraya yashi mara nauyi daga dredge daya da daddawa daga dayan don samar da gaurayen bagade na daidaitaccen yanayin da daidaituwar kwayar.

Tsarin Dredge

Mai shirin shirin shiryawa shine wurin da za'a yanyanka ta hanyar jingina tare da yin amfani da sextant din. An tsara wurin da abubuwan disred a kan taswira kuma an nuna alamun motsawar na tsawon sa'o'in 24 na gaba akan taswira da filin.

Samun kayan girkin da aka samar a jikin buhu ya samo asali ne daga wani binciken volumetric da aka yi a ƙarshen watan.

A cikin tsare-tsaren kowane wata da tsara jadawalin dogon lokaci, matsakaita aikin injiniya da aiki a cikin watannin da suka gabata, yanayin yanayin kasa na dukkan kogin idan aka yi la’akari da kaurin sauran wutsiyar, yanayin tafkin da yadda aka rarraba rairayi da rago duk ana la’akari da su.

Samun jigilar fitar dredge shine daidaiton ma'aunin ruwa na wata wanda ke nuni da matakin ruwa a cikin kandaran dangane da fitar ruwan da faduwar iska, asarar fitar ruwa da guguwa. Ana yin ruwa da suke dashi a cikin tafkin kamar yadda ya cancanta gwargwadon ruwa. Yawan rarar da ake sa ran samu ya danganta ne da ruwan saman wata da aka tsara wanda ya danganta da matsakaicin ruwan sama sama da tsawan shekaru goma.

Matsayin Shirin
Kwarewa da aka tattara a kashi na farko na amfani da dredges ta hanyar amfani da ruwan huhun, a karshe kuma ana amfani da burtsatsin bulo, ya nuna Ellicott^®  samfurin dredge yana da matukar ƙarfin samun nasarar kammala cire aikin haƙar dutsen da aka adana shi akan riƙon ma'adinai na San Antonio. A lokatai da yawa an yi amfani da dredge a cikin yin hakar compact laterite da tsakuwa a cikin kandami ba tare da matsaloli ba sai don maimaita abin da aka sa a gaba.

Bayan haka, Ellicot guda biyu^® An sayi dredges na Brand Bucketwheel ta wani ɗan kwangila wanda ya yi amfani da su cikin nasarar haƙa gishiri mai ƙarfi a cikin Tekun Gishiri. Har yanzu ana amfani da dredges din a can.

An sake buga shi daga Ma'adanai na Asiya Pacific