Yin hakar ma'adinai mai ƙarfi yana cikin matakai daban-daban da yawa ko kuma tsarin aiki. Wadannan matakai ana bayanin su a kasa domin faruwa.
Mai Share
Da farko, ana girbe duk katako mai kasuwa daga yankin da ake haƙa ma'adanan. Itatuwa, saukar da gogewa da sauran goga sannan aka tattara su kuma matattarar kera motoci. An yarda da wannan kayan don bushewa kuma daga baya ya ƙone.
Sannan an cire Topsoil zuwa zurfin 6-8 a kuma ko dai an ajiye shi don ajiya daga baya ko sanya shi kai tsaye akan yanke ma'adinai na kusa. An aiwatar da wannan aikin ta hanyar 23-yd3 hudu-wheel pan drive drive scraper.
Ragewar
Ana hakar ma'adanin tare da kayan kwalliyar samfurin Ellicott® irin ta al'ada da aka kera ta da kayan yanka. (duba hoto) Dredge yana da ratsin ruwa guda biyu waɗanda ke a ƙarshen bayan, waɗanda ake amfani da su azaman pivots a cikin haɗin tare da layin juyawa don ciyarwa ko ja da baya. Wani fitowar daskararre na 20-cikin bututun ruwa na 22-a cikin sassan 40-ft wanda aka goyan bayan pontoons. Waɗannan suna haɗa dredge tare da dutsen niƙa.
Rigar Mill
An gina gidan rigar a kan katako da yawa na iyo. Gudanarwa daga dredge ta saki a kan allo mai girgizawa tare da budewar 0.25-in. Matsayi mai girma ya fadi ta nauyi a cikin niƙa a inda ake murƙushe murƙun murƙun murƙushe. Cirewa daga dutsen niƙa yana gudana ta nauyi zuwa allon tare da buɗewar 1-in. Girman + 1-in shine tushen farko, wanda aka sauke kai tsaye zuwa cikin tafkin. Unclersize an dasa shi a allon fuska.
Wetin daɗin jiƙa yana kula da ɗanyen ƙamshi wanda ke ɗauke da kusan 4% ma'adanai masu nauyi a farashin har zuwa 1100 Gt / hr. Daga wannan, yana samar da adadin kuzari mai nauyi na 80% mai nauyi tare da sake dawowar TiO2 na 78%. Millen rigar yana amfani da matakai uku na masu jan hankali. Spirals sune ragunan helicoid waɗanda aka gyara a wani gangara mai raguwa kuma an tsara su a cikin 7-, 5-, ko kuma 3-juya sanyi. An gabatar da ciyarwar slurry mai ɗauke da yashi da ruwa a saman kowace karkace. Yayinda kayan ke gudana a ƙasa da kewayen kogunan, ana ɗaukar ma'adanai masu wuta kamar su ma'adini da silica sandar zuwa rafin. Ma'adanai masu nauyi, misali, ilmenite, zircon, da staurolite, sun fi mayar da hankali ga kusancin cikin sassan jikinsu sannan kuma an jera su a wuraren da aka zaba. Hanyoyin juzu'i na daban-daban suna tattara sannan kuma a sake tura su don ƙarin koma baya ko zuwa gaɓatattun wurare don ƙarin maida hankali.
Rougher spirals yana haɓaka mai mahimmanci 10-15% ma'adanai masu nauyi. Ugarfin wutsiya ingsan mage na gudana a cikin tafkin kamar na baya. Tun da 96% na dredge feed an dawo dashi ga kandami, dredge da kandami haƙiƙa suna tafiya a hankali a gaba cikin hanyar hakar ma'adinai. Kimanin kowane sati biyu, ya zama dole don motsa dutsen da ke iyo hargitsi don ci gaba da ci gaban dredge.
Ana sake yin amfani da tsakiyar rougher karkace mids zuwa abinci don kai wa kansa ga rougher. A rougher karkace maida hankali ne pumped zuwa tsabtace spirals. Mai tsabtace mai hankali yana gudana ta ƙarfin nauyi zuwa ga finisher spirals. Isarfin walƙiyar walƙiya mai walƙiya tana komawa zuwa ɗakunan abinci mai tsabta don ja da baya. Ana ɗaukar hankalin mafi kyawun finisher ta hanyar bututun 5 cikin bututun ƙasa, don sakawa cikin manyan motocin don jigilar su zuwa sandar bushe.
Dry Mill
Wet mill mai da hankali shine cakuda ma'adinai na titanium, silicates mai nauyin ma'adanai, da ma'adini. Aikin injin nikakken bushe shi ne dawo da ma'adanai na titanium, kuma kara raba su zuwa samfurin ilmenite da kayan leucoxene-rutile. Tsarin yana amfani da kwaskwarimar ma'adinan titanium a cikin maganin tashin hankali mai girma da kuma maganadisu mafi girma Gwanin nik ɗin yana narkar da shi ta amfani da sodium hydroxide kafin sarrafa injin niƙa. Wannan yana cire ruɓaɓɓen sutturar kwayoyin halitta da yumɓu daga ƙwayoyin. Fuskokin hatsi masu tsabta suna haɓaka murmurewa kuma suna ba da samfuran ma'adinai mafi inganci. An busar da tukunyar da aka goge a busassun busassun. Da farko an raba ma'adanin mai zafi a kan masu raba hankali mai tsananin tashin hankali kuma an fi mayar da hankali kan tsaurara matakai. An ƙaddamar da ƙididdigar mai tsabta a kan manyan maganadiso, kowannensu yana da bankunan biyu na rotors biyar masu aiki a cikin jerin. An tattara ɓangaren maganadisu kuma an tura shi azaman ilmenite. Wannan samfurin ya ƙunshi 98% titanium ma'adanai da matsakaita 64% TiO2. Retarancin da ba na magnetic ba ya koma baya a cikin tsaran tsabtace ƙarshe don dawo da leucoxene da aiki don jigilar kaya. Samfurin ƙarshe yana ƙunshe da 98.5% titanium ma'adinai kuma yana nazarin 80% TiO2. Cikakken dawo da TiO2 a cikin busassun niƙa ya kai kimanin 97%.
Kuraruma
Rashin wutsiyar wutsiya mara ƙarfi daga kewaya mai tsananin ƙarfi ana ciyar da maganadisu mai ƙarfi. Samfurin maganadisu shine tallan tallan kasuwanci, yana gwadawa 45-50% Al2O3 da 13-15% Fe2O3. Ana samar da maki daban-daban don samar da yashi na musamman (Biasill®) da kuma samar da wani sands na bakin sandblast (Starblast®).
Zircon
Wutsiya magnet ta ƙunshi 25-30% zircon, 15-20% ma'adanai silicate na aluminium da kusan kwandon 50%. Daidaitaccen yanayin musamman na zircon yana sanya rabuwa mai nauyi daga ma'adanai masu nauyi masu ƙarfi wanda yake yiwuwa ta amfani da spirals. Zazzabin karkataccen ya tattara ya bushe kuma ya sake buɗe shi ta hanyar da aka tsara bayan ƙarfe ma'adinin ma'adinai na titanium.
Ana amfani da manyan tannages na zircon don gyaran sands a masana'antar samarwa. Ana amfani da ƙarancin adadi a cikin masana'antar samar da abubuwa, injin ƙira, ƙarfe zirconium, da kuma sinadarai. An samar da maki ingancin haɗuwa don kowane amfani.
Maimaitawa
An fara gwaje-gwajen dasa ciyawa a kan wutsiyar tawa a shekarar 1952. A cikin shekarun da suka gabata, an yi amfani da nau'o'in ciyawa da bishiyoyi, tare da takin zamani tare da wasu nasarori. Wata ciyawa, wacce ke dauke da suna na "ciyawar soyayyar kukan Afirka," an shigo da ita daga yankin da yanayin yanayin muhallin yake. Grassaunar kauna ta cika matsakaiciyar girma kuma ta taimaka ta daidaita wutsiyoyi don 'ya'yan itacen pine su rayu.
A farkon 1969, duk da haka, maimaitawa ya ɗauki sabon shugabanci. Madadin dasa sabon ciyayi kai tsaye a cikin wutsiyoyi, an cire topsoil kafin hakar ma'adinai kuma ana amfani dashi don rufe wutsiya. Daga nan sai aka dasa ciyawar ciyayi sannan kuma aka kafa saurin girma. Bayan hadi da isasshen tabbacin ƙasa, ana sake dasa bishiyoyi. An ambaci wannan shirin daukar fansa a zaman misalai ga masana'antar hakar ma'adinai a Florida.
Water jiyya
A yayin aikin hakar ma'adinan, ana fitar da humate daga cikin kasar zuwa dakatarwar da ake yi a cikin ruwan kandami. Humate wani bangare ne wanda aka lalata kwayoyin halitta, launin ruwan kasa mai duhu, kuma ya zama ruwan dare gama gari a cikin Florida. Yana da sananne musamman a cikin Florida "hardpan" outcroppings.
Yayin tafiyar hawainiyar jikin masara, ya zama tilas a daidaita matakin duddugar ruwa a wasu lokuta don baiwa dredge damar kaiwa ruwa mara zurfi ko kuma wani lokacin zurfin Duk kandunan ruwa da ake tattarawa da kuma ruwan sama mai lalacewa ana tattara su kuma za'a sanya su zuwa ga jerin na wuraren kula da lafiya kafin a fitar da su zuwa rafukan jama'a.
An ƙara Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) a cikin ruwa don rage pH zuwa 3.5. Wannan matakin yana haifar da kwararar kwayoyin halitta kuma yana barin bayyananniyar allahntaka, wanda aka yanke shi daga tafkunan bakin ruwa. Sanannen ruwan an cire shi zuwa pH 7 tare da lemun tsami kuma an watsar dashi zuwa koguna na jama'a.