Source: Injiniya & Mining Journal
Roca Fosforica Kinshasa SA de CV (Rofomex) fara ma’adanai foshate guda ɗaya a Baha California Sur a cikin 1981 kuma wani a 1982. Haɗin duka ayyukan waɗannan ayyukan ana tsammanin zai ɗaga Mexico daga matsayin kusan duka dogaro kan shigo da dutsen phosphate a cikin 1980 zuwa wadatar zuci a cikin 1985. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, Mexico ta shigo da kusan 1.7 miliyan mt / yr dutsen phosphate, galibi daga Florida a Amurka da Maroko. Gwamnatin Mexico ta sanya fifiko kan ma'adanan Rofomex a zaman wani bangare na shirinta na inganta samar da kayayyaki a gonakin Mexico.
Na farko daga cikin sabbin ma'adanai na Rofomex yana San Juan de la Costa a Tekun Kalifoniya. Ya samar da ƙayyadaddun abubuwansa na farko a cikin Janairu 1980, kuma jigilar jigilar kaya ta farko ta bar tashar jirgin Rofomex zuwa Lazaro Cardenas a kan Tekun Pacific na Meziko a watan Afrilu. Ana shirya jigilar kaya kowane kwana 12.
Daga Lazaro Cardenas, phosphate concentrates za a tura su ta hanyar jirgin kasa zuwa hanyoyin samar da Fertimex a San Luis Potosi, Queretaro, da Guadalajara. Daga baya, wasu jigilar kayayyaki za su ratsa ta Panama Canal da kuma Tekun Maliya na Mexico zuwa ga tashar samar da takin zamani na tashar Pajaritos.
A iya aiki, ma'adanan San Juan de la Costa zai samar da 730,000 mt / yr na ƙididdigar ƙididdigar kimanin 31% P2O5 daga haɗuwa da rami mai haɗari da ayyukan haƙo ma'adinai na ƙasa wanda zai cire ma'adinin mai lamba 18% P2O5. Produididdigar abubuwan wata-wata sun kai 1,200 mt a Janairu, 12,800 mt a Fabrairu, 12,000 mt a Maris, da 20,000 mt a Afrilu. An shirya samarwa har zuwa kusan 60,000 mt a cikin Yuli kuma ya kasance a kusan wannan matakin har zuwa sauran shekara.
A Santo Domingo, a gabar tekun Pacific na Baja California peninsula, Rofomex ya gina ma'adanai wanda zai samar da miliyan 1.5 mt / yr na mai da hankali ta hanyar haƙa ma'adinan rairayin bakin rairayin bakin teku wanda ya kai kimanin 4.5% P2O5 a matakin yankewar 3% P2O5. Ellicott biyu yankan kai tsotse dredges ciyar da masarautar ga wani tsiro mai saukar ungulu na farko, wanda zai taso kan ruwa a yankin ma'adanan bayan dredges.
Rofomex ya fara ne a Santo Domingo a tsakiyar 1982, kuma a cikin 1984 sabbin ma'adanai biyu na kamfanin sun samar da ɗan gajeren lokacin ƙarancin phosphate a cikin Meziko, tare da wadatar da ake samu don fitarwa. A cikin 1985 an tsara sabbin shuke-shuke na Fertimex don shigowa, ci gaban tattalin arziki da yawan jama'a zai haifar da bukatar fosfat a cikin Meziko, kuma ana hasashen sake sabon ƙarancin phosphate. A cikin tsammanin wannan buƙatar, Rofomex ya shirya fadada miliyan 4.5 mt / yr akan allon zane.
A cikin dogon lokaci, Meziko tana da wadataccen kayan samar da foda wanda za a zana a cikin Baja California Sur, ban da kudaden ajiya biyu da aka bunkasa. Masana ilimin kimiyyar halittun Rofomex sun ba da rahoton wasu abubuwan da suka faru na phosphate a San Hilario, Santa Rita, Tembabiche, La Purisima, San Jose de Castro, da San Roque. Daga cikin waɗannan, ajiya a San Hilario an bincika su sosai, tare da alamomin alamomi na manyan dutsen tonnages grading 11-13% a cikin ƙaƙƙarfan kwatancen ƙaho da 14-18% a cikin dutsen da ba a cika ba a ƙarƙashin 30-80m na overburden. A cikin yankin Santa Rita, yiwuwar haɓakar tattalin arziki na phosphates yana faruwa a cikin tasirin kwanan nan a ƙarƙashin babu kusan nauyin, amma waɗannan suna kasancewa don bincika su sosai.
Babban Santo Domingo Resource
Kasancewar yashi na fosfat a yankin na Bahia de Magdalena a gabar tekun Pacific an san shi tun daga shekarar 1914, kuma a shekarar 1955 Hanna Mining da Minera Fornos suka gudanar da binciken yiwuwar a yankin. Koyaya, rashin ababen more rayuwa da kuma mallakar Mexico na masana'antar hakar ma'adinai ya sa Hanna ta janye. A shekarar 1974, "Consejo de Recursos Ma'adanai," wata hukumar gwamnati, ta sake leka yankin sannan kuma ta yanke shawarar cewa hakar ma'adinai ba zai yiwu ba ta fuskar tattalin arziki. A cikin 1978, masanan ilimin gwamnati sun gudanar da shirin hakowa, biyo bayan ajiyar da aka yi a gabar tekun tare da ramuka a tazarar kilomita 2, kuma sun gano cewa phosphates din suna nan a nesa da sama da kilomita 70. Ba a sami ainihin iyaka ba kafin a gama shirin hakowa. Fomento Minero ya sake duban abin da ke gaba, ya yanke shawarar cewa za a iya inganta tsarin cin gajiyar tattalin arziki, kuma ya ci gaba da ci gaban ma'adinai.
Iyakar yamma ta ajiya na Santo Domingo shine Tekun Pacific, kuma girmanta zuwa gabas shine kusan kilomita 20. Ainihin shimfiɗaɗine yake, ba tare da ƙarancin ko ƙasa ba, kuma kafinta ya fi ƙarfin 19 m. Taimakawa karami ce, tare da matsakaicin fifikalwa da yawa ba ta wuce 15 m sama da matakin teku. Jikin marafan yana da shekaru na ɗan lokaci, kuma phosphate yana faruwa kamar lafiya, zagaye, yashi mai girma, yawanci a cikin ɓataccen sashi na ajiya. Amountsarancin adadin magnetite, ferromagnesium, rutile, da sphene, da sauran masu hakar gwal, suna nan. Ma'adanai na Clay yawanci ba ya nan, sai dai kusan kusa da farfajiya. Matsakaicin matsakaici 4.5% P2O5. Launi ya bambanta sosai amma yawanci launin rawaya zuwa launin ruwan kasa mai duhu. An kiyasta ƙimar zuwa jimlar 1.1 biliyan mt na dutse.
An yi cikakken nazari game da wuraren hakar ma'adinai biyu, Elenas da Prados, ta yin amfani da kayan aikin hakar Longyear don samarwa. Yankin Elenas shine kudanci - mafi yawancin biyu kuma yana ɗaukar nauyin 6 kilomita arewa-kudu ta hanyar 3.5 kilomita gabas-yamma. Iyakarta ta kudu ta arewa ne a tashar jiragen ruwa ta Lopez Mateos. Yankin Prados yana daidaitawa tare da iyakokin arewa na yankin Elenas kuma shine 9 kilomita arewa-kudu. Iyakar yamma da mai ita sigar ƙasa ce ta tsibiri mai shinge, Isla Magdalena.
An bincika dukkanin bangarorin masara a kan grid na 500 m, ta yin amfani da rigs-dutsen rigs rijiyoyin 4-in dia dia. Game da samfuran 5,000 an ɗauke su daga waɗannan ramuka a tsaka-tsakin tsinkaye na 1.5-m. Mafi girman zurfin rami ya kasance 70 m kuma matsakaicin rami rami ya kasance 30-m. Gwajin Ore ya biyo bayan al'adar da aka kafa a cikin masana'antar masana'antar phosphate ta Florida.
Mai haɓaka Dredge Dual
Binciken tsarin ma'adanai don aikin Santo Domingo ya haɗa da la'akari da ramuka na bulo, zana, da siket, da rami. Zabi na tsarin tushen dredge ya danganta ne da gaskiyar cewa sauran tsarin ba zai iya yin aiki yadda yakamata a matakin kasa ba. Operatingarancin aiki da tsada tsarkewa ya haifar da zaɓi na ƙarshe na ɗamarar shaƙatar shaƙatawa mai ɗorewa tare da shuwagabannin buguwa na 27-in diamita.
Ellicott guda biyu® An yi amfani da dredges alama, kowane mai iya yin fifita game da 2,000 mt / hr na daskararru daskararru zuwa shuka amfanin farko na iyo. Kowane dredge an haɗa shi zuwa ga tsiro ta hanyar sassauƙa, 600-m, 24-in dia pipe. Shugabannin dredge suna da ƙananan isa na 15 m. Dredges guda biyu sun haɗu don yin aiki mai ma'adinai guda ɗaya a gaba na 21 m. Daya daga cikin ruwa guda ɗaya da yake aiki da ƙarfin zai iya sa shuka ya kasance kusa da ƙarfin. A cikin aiki na yau da kullun, dredges guda biyu suna aiki tare da kusan 70% na ƙimar ƙarfin su.
An gudanar da aikin tsotsa a cikin yanki na 3% P2O5 wanda ke samar da matsakaicin nauyin ƙarfe na 4.56% P2O5in a yankin ma'adinan Prados da 4.29% a yankin Elenas. Ba za a buƙaci cire kaya da yawa ba; Koyaya, ɓarnatattun abubuwa a cikin ma'adinan zasu narkar da darajar abinci zuwa shuka mai cin gajiyar su zuwa 4.05% P2O5. Tare da matsakaicin CaO na 9.34%. An shirya adadin ma'adinai a 16.5 miliyan mt / yr, yana aiki sau uku a kowace rana, kwanaki 330 a kowace shekara.
Faceaƙƙarfan ma'adinai yana ɗaukar nauyin 6 m sama da matakin teku da 12 m a ƙarƙashin matakin teku. Yin hakar ma'adinai ba koyaushe bane mai yuwuwa, amma an hana wuraren babban abun da ke cikin CaO lokacin da ake iya yiwuwa. An yi samfuran samfuran ne akan tsadar 100-m, tare da kowane rami mai wakiltar kusan 225,000 mt na ore.
Dredges sunyi aiki akan wutar lantarki na 4,160v, 60 hertz. An samo abin canzawa a kan shinge mai iyo.
Cutar da Phosphate Sands
Saboda ores da ke sama da ƙasa a matakin teku suna da halaye daban-daban, galibi abun da CaO ya ƙunsa, Rofomex ya haɓaka tsari wanda zai dace da biyun. Tsarin ya bada izinin zubar da wutsiyoyi zuwa yankin da ake hakar ma'adinai koyaushe. Kamar yadda a San Juan de la Costa, ana amfani da ruwan tekuna a cikin ɗayan tsari, tare da samfurin kawai an wanke shi da ruwa mai tsarkakakke don kawar da chlorine.
Babban abubuwan aiwatar da wannan aikin sun hada da wata shuka ta farko da aka dasa a wani katanga a bayan dredges da kuma tsiron flotation na sakandare, tankokin wanki, da kuma matatun dake bakin tudu. An tsiya da man daga ganga zuwa tsiron tudu ta hanyar bututun mai da ke tallafawa da tukinan ruwa.
Slurry daga dredges ciyar da barge-hawa na farko shuka a cikin kudi na 2,200 mt / hr, tare da sallama zuwa barge farko ciyar a fadin biyu single-bene bene to scalp da 1 / 4-inch kwayoyin tarkace, kamar su bawo, da oversized ore daga slurry. Ilimin allo bai cika hawa ba don cire wani ɓangare na daskararwar 150-raga raga da slimes kuma don tattara hankali. Ganyen ya gudana ne ta hanyar nauyi zuwa yanki mai zubar da kaya, kuma ruwan ya kwarara zuwa tankunan ajiyar ajiyar kaya, wanda ya ba da ikon 1 / 2 hr.
Daga cikin tankokin kwalliyar, kantunan suna motsa slurry zuwa masu raba ruwa, inda aka cire daskararrun 28-raga da aka zubad dasu zuwa sharar gida. Daga nan aka bunkasa silar zuwa bankin na biyu na cyclones, wanda ya cire duk wani daskararwar 150-raga da rage girman slurry din zuwa 65% daskararru. A cikin shiri don ruwa ne, guguwa ta kwarara wani yanayi a matakai da yawa. An yi amfani da man Diesel a jikin emulsion.
An sanya slurry mai sharadi zuwa 32-35% daskararru tare da ruwan teku kuma an ciyar dasu zuwa bankunan guda huɗu na ƙwayoyin flotation 500-ft3. An fitar da wutsiyoyi zuwa ɓata, kuma babban abin da ya fi dacewa ya gudana zuwa tankunan kashewa, inda aka yi ta zafin rai tare da sinadarin sulphuric acid don kashe reagent flotation. An maida hankalinsa zuwa bakin ruwa a ƙimar 360 mt / hr.
Barikin canja wuri da aka tanada tare da tanki masu reagent ya kawo jigilar fararen flotation na farko tare da acid na 95% sulfuric acid zuwa ganga don ci gaba da aikin.
A gefen tekun, an sake yin amfani da ruhun tattarawar, a nutsar da shi a cikin cyclones, kuma an dunƙule shi izuwa tsabtace yanayin hydraulic don rabuwa da ƙaramin 28 / ƙari 48 raga. Plusarin ƙaramin raga na 48 ya narke kuma an ciyar da shi zuwa teburin girgiza don cire daskarar calcitic. Usaramar raga na 48 raga an yi cycloned don samar da wani nau'in barbashi mai tsayi a raga na 100. Ctionarfin ƙananan ƙarfe na 100 ƙarfe sannan ya ci gaba ta hanyar daddaza haɓaka cyclones zuwa bankunan Humphrey spirals, waɗanda ke cire ilmenite, zircon, da magnetite. Wadannan ma'adanai masu nauyi ana dasa su zuwa wani tafki na ajiya daban. An samar da sinadaran foshat a teburin mai girgizawa da kuma spirals tare da hade da ƙaramin juzuwar 100 / minus 48 raga don samar da abincin don farawa na sakandare.
Ana amfani da daskararren ruwan fure tare da lu'u-lu'u, acetic acid, da kuma 'Pine oil' na 5% a cikin tekuna don shirya shi don tsabtace sakandare, wanda ke samar da samfuran sharar siliki da wutsiyoyi kamar foda. An ƙididdige ƙwayar phosphate slurry zuwa daskarar 60% ta hanyar cyclones, an wanke shi da ruwa mai tsami, sake sake zagayowar, kuma ana tacewa. Su kuma masu matattara suna sanye da kayan kwalliya.
Mai jigilar bel yana ciyar da tangar ɗin tata zuwa ɗakin ajiyar kayan tattarawa. Idan ya cancanta, bulldozer zai murƙushe kayan da aka adana don samar da ƙarin bushewa.
Itace mai kula da ruwa a matattarar shuka wanda zai kasance mai tsaftataccen ruwa domin samar da ruwa mai tsafta don wanki da kuma samar da tukunyar jirgi da ake amfani da ita domin shirya dilan. Bayani mai kyau na ruwa yana saita matsakaicin sinadarin chlorine na 350 ppm.
Tsarin phosphate da ake amfani dashi a Santo Domingo yana samar da magudanan ruwa da yawa, dukkansu ana ajiye su ne a wuraren da ake hakar ma'adinai ko a bayan dikes da aka gina ƙasa. A bakin tekun, an bar filin ƙasa kamar cigaban ci gaba don ware wuraren sharar gida daga ruwayen bakin ruwa. Ana amfani da shararar datti Ruwayen ɓarnar sun haɗa da 300 mt / hr a tsire mai iyo a gaban ƙwayoyin flotation; wutsiyar farawa ta farko wacce ke ɗauke da 1,340 mt / hr na slurry a 30% daskararru; sharar sharar silica daga flotation na sakandare da ruwa mai wankewa, yana dauke da hadewar 3,000 mt / hr na slurry a matakan 5%; da kuma ma'adanai masu nauyi waɗanda aka mai da hankali a Hirabrey spirals, jimlar kusan 72 / mt hr na slurry a cikin matakan 25%.
Ana ɗaukar baƙin cikin da aka samar a Santo Domingo ana ɗaukar 100 kilomita zuwa wurin jigilar kayayyaki a Punta Belcher a tsibirin Magdalena ta hanyar shinge mai jan kaya. A Punta Belcher wuraren ajiya an gina su don 100,000 mt na mai da hankali. Jirgin ruwan yana riƙe da jiragen ruwa har zuwa 40,000 DWT, kuma tsarin ɗaukar nauyi yana da damar 3,000 mt / hr.
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